Supercentenarian

A supercentenarian is a person who has lived 110 years or more. This age is an important metric as only about 1 in 1,000 centenarians will surpass 110 years old.

Characteristics of Supercentenarians

There are two main factors which play into a person reaching the age of 110 or more:

Genetic Factors: Research suggests that genetics play a crucial role in determining longevity. Supercentenarians often share specific genetic markers associated with longevity. Understanding these genetic factors can provide valuable information for ongoing research into aging and age-related diseases.
Lifestyle and Environment: While genetics lay the foundation for a long life, lifestyle and environment also contribute significantly. Many supercentenarians attribute their longevity to a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and positive social connections. Additionally, residing in regions known as "Blue Zones," where people tend to live longer, has been associated with increased chances of reaching supercentenarian age.

Challenges and Achievements

Despite their impressive age, supercentenarians often face health challenges. Common issues include frailty, cognitive decline, and a higher susceptibility to certain diseases. Researchers are studying these challenges to develop strategies for enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals.

Although health challenges are almost certain for supercentenarians, they often have remarkable life stories. Some have witnessed multiple historical events, technological revolutions, and social changes. Documenting their experiences provides a unique perspective on the passage of time. Around the world, there have been several specifically interesting cases of people living beyond 110.

Record-breaking Supercentenarians

While the longest lived people are already an exclusive group, there are individuals who have achieved extreme longevity. Here are some notable examples:

Jeanne Calment (France): Jeanne Calment holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest verified age, having lived to an astounding 122 years and 164 days. Born in 1875 and passing away in 1997, Calment witnessed significant historical events, including both World Wars and the invention of the automobile.
Jiroemon Kimura (Japan): Jiroemon Kimura is recognized as the world's oldest verified man, living to 116 years and 54 days. Born in 1897, Kimura attributed his longevity to a simple diet, moderate exercise, and a positive outlook on life. He passed away in 2013.
Sarah Knauss (United States): Sarah Knauss holds the title of the oldest verified American, living to 119 years and 97 days. Born in 1880, Knauss lived through the turn of two centuries and saw remarkable advancements in technology and society before her passing in 1999.
Misao Okawa (Japan): Misao Okawa became Japan's oldest verified person, living to 117 years and 27 days. Born in 1898, Okawa attributed her long life to a healthy diet and a restful sleep routine. She passed away in 2015.
Kane Tanaka (Japan): Kane Tanaka is recognized as the world's oldest living person as of the latest available records. Born in 1903, Tanaka's longevity is attributed to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, as well as an active lifestyle. Her remarkable journey continues as she approaches her 120th birthday.

Longevity Research

It mat seem obvious that researchers looking at how to extend human's longevity would investigate those with extreme old age. That's because their genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors clearly contribute to longevity. This research helps us understand the underlying mechanisms that allow some individuals to age successfully. Currently, researchers are aiming to unlock the secrets to promoting healthy aging for the broader population.

Longevity researchers are also looking at the telomeres of those who have lived over 110. Telomeres, the protective caps at the end of chromosomes, play a crucial role in cellular aging. Research suggests that the length of telomeres may influence the aging process. Understanding how to maintain or extend telomere length could have significant implications for extending healthy human lifespan.

Geographic Distribution of Supercentenarians

Most longevity enthusiasts have heard of "Blue Zones," which are areas of the world known for their higher concentration of centenarians and supercentenarians. These areas are characterized by specific lifestyle and environmental factors that contribute to longevity.

Okinawa, Japan: Okinawa, an island in Japan, is renowned for having one of the highest life expectancies in the world. The Okinawan diet, rich in vegetables, tofu, and seafood, is believed to contribute to the longevity of its residents. Additionally, strong social connections and a sense of purpose in life are integral aspects of Okinawan culture.
Sardinia, Italy: Sardinia, an Italian island, boasts a higher-than-average number of centenarians and supercentenarians. The traditional Sardinian diet, which includes whole grains, legumes, and goat milk, is considered a key factor in the island's longevity. Close-knit communities and a focus on family also contribute to the well-being of its residents.
Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica: The Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica is another Blue Zone known for its high number of centenarians. A diet rich in beans, corn, and tropical fruits, combined with an active lifestyle, contributes to the longevity of the Nicoyan population. Social engagement and a strong sense of community play vital roles in their overall well-being.
Icaria, Greece: The Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, fruits, and vegetables, is prevalent in Icaria. Regular physical activity and a laid-back lifestyle are associated with the longevity of its population.
Loma Linda, California, USA: Loma Linda is unique as a Blue Zone in the United States. The community consists mainly of Seventh-day Adventists who follow a vegetarian diet, prioritize physical activity, and place a strong emphasis on community and faith.

While Blue Zones are well-studied for their longevity, the longest lived people can be found in various parts of the world. Some regions with notable occurrences include:

United States: Certain states in the U.S., such as California and New York, have seen clusters of supercentenarians. Factors like access to healthcare, lifestyle choices, and community support contribute to the longevity of individuals in these regions.
France: Certain regions in France, particularly in the southern part of the country, have shown a higher prevalence of supercentenarians. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by olive oil, fruits, and vegetables, is believed to play a role in the health and longevity of the population.

Conclusion

Supercentenarians stand as living testaments to the remarkable potential of the human body. Their stories, challenges, and achievements offer valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetics, lifestyle, and environment in shaping the human lifespan. As scientists continue to unravel the mysteries of extreme longevity, the lessons learned from supercentenarians may pave the way for a healthier and longer future for us all.